COWSKIN PRAIRIE COUNCIL (1863).
During the Civil War in Indian Territory, when the Cherokee National Council met at Cowskin Prairie (located north and east of present Grove in Delaware County, Oklahoma) on February 17–18, 1863, they were a government without a country. After the Civil War began, the Cherokee Nation had allied with the Confederacy, but the act divided the Cherokee people. Stand Watie and his supporters praised the alliance, but Chief John Ross and many other Cherokees were quickly disillusioned. After Union forces invaded Indian Territory in the summer of 1862, all semblance of tribal unity collapsed, and civil war tore apart the Cherokee Nation. Ross left for exile in Washington, D.C., and he faced the task of convincing the United States that the Cherokees had in fact remained loyal to the Union. Complicating this position was the existence of a rival Cherokee government led by Stand Watie. Watie's government not only reaffirmed the nation's treaty with the Confederacy, but also declared Ross a traitor. More problematic, Watie's forces controlled most of the Cherokee Nation. The Cherokee National Council's meeting at Cowskin Prairie was an attempt to strengthen their precarious political situation. The council comprised primarily soldiers serving in the Union's Indian Home Guard regiments, and many were probably members of the Keetoowah Society. In Ross's absence they elected Thomas Pegg as acting principal chief. He argued that the Confederate treaty had been coerced and that the tribe had always remained loyal to the Union. The council's other primary decision was to abolish slavery in the Cherokee Nation, but the members simultaneously made it clear that freed slaves had no right to citizenship and were expected immediately to leave the nation. Throughout the meeting the council affirmed its ties with the Union while simultaneously asserting their right to govern the Cherokee Nation. Although leaving no doubt of its opposition to Stand Watie's government, the council primarily directed its actions toward the United States. The tribe's continual pledges of loyalty were calculated to convince the Union to protect the Cherokee people and uphold their treaty rights. At the same time, however, the council also strongly affirmed that it, not the Union, had the authority to make decisions within the borders of the Cherokee nation. Trevor M. Jones Map of Delaware County The Battle of Old Fort Wayne Civil War Battles in Oklahoma http://www.ozarkscivilwar.org/regions/indian-territory The North Wins
Read pages 549-555 Listen to Chapter 17 Online Due by the end of the Hour - Terms and Names - Cause and Effect Diagram - Key Ideas 3-5 - Critical Thinking 6-7 Go to these Animated Maps for further explanation Cindy-- Ask the 8th graders if there is any last minute T-shirt Orders. I need Mrs. Carter to write me a Check so I can go get them printed
Some students should be able to present their Oral Presentations if they want to...if not tell them we will start tomorrow. American History Book Click the Link Below to listen to Chapter 16: Section 3 Audio Book - for Section 3: No End In Sight Section Assessment - Page 529 #1 Terms and Names #3-5 Key Ideas #7 - Draw Conclusions - Why was Southern Cotton not reaching factories of Europe? #9 is Bonus Credit if there is extra time (Separate Grade) Optional Web Content (Have Colten do this part) Chapter Maps Animated History 1861-1862 (Bull Run, Fort Henry, New Orleans) Animated Map Civil War Movie Timeline Battle of Fort Sumter April 12–14, 1861 First Manasses (Bull Run) - The North and The South First Manasses (Bull Run) - Gods and Generals July 21, 1861 VirginiaA Confederate victory: McDowell loses to J.E. Johnston,Beauregard; Jackson named "Stonewall". Antietam Fredericksburg Fort Henry Fort Donelson Shiloh Chancellorsville Gettysburg Siege of Vicksburg Battle Of Chickamauga Chattanooga Battle Of The Wilderness Spotsylvania Courthouse Petersburg Battle of Atlanta Battle of Appomattox Courthouse Civil War
Scavenger Hunt During the Civil War, the Union attempted to blockade the southern states. A blockade meant that they tried to prevent any goods, troops, and weapons from entering the southern states. By doing this, the Union thought they could cause the economy of the Confederate States to collapse.
When did the blockade run? The Union blockade began just a few weeks after the start of the Civil War. Abraham Lincoln announced it on April 19, 1861. The Union continued to blockade the South throughout the Civil War until the war ended in 1865. The Anaconda Plan https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nANJYQ9pd_Y The Union blockade was part of a larger strategy called the Anaconda Plan. The Anaconda Plan was the brainchild of Union General Winfield Scott. General Scott felt that the war could take a long time and that the best supplied armies would win. He wanted to keep foreign countries from shipping supplies to the Confederates. The plan was called the Anaconda Plan because, like a snake, the Union meant to constrict the South. They would surround the southern borders, keeping out supplies. Then the army would split the South in two, taking control of the Mississippi River. Cotton for Weapons The South did not have a lot of industry at the time. This meant they could not make enough weapons to supply its armies. However, the South did have cotton which many foreign countries such as Great Britain relied on. If they could keep their ports open, they could trade cotton for weapons. The Anaconda Plan was a long term approach to winning the war. How did the Union blockade the South? The Union Navy used as many as 500 ships to patrol the East Coast all the way from Virginia south to Floridaand the Gulf Coast from Florida to Texas. They focused their efforts on major ports and on keeping larger shipments of goods from making it through. Did any ships get through? A number of ships did make it through. One estimate shows that nearly 80 percent of the attempts to get though the blockade made it safely. However, these were mostly small, fast ships called blockade runners. They were small and fast which helped them to elude the Union Navy, but they also had small cargos, so not a lot of supplies were able to get through. A blockade runner A number of the ships that made it through were operated by British sympathizers. These ships were commanded by British officers from the Royal Navy who were allowed to take a leave from the British Navy in order to help the Confederate States. Results At the start of the Civil War, many people thought that the blockade was a waset of time. They felt that the war would be over quickly and that the blockade would have little impact on the outcome of the war. However, by the end of the war, the blockade had a significant impact on the South. People across the South were suffering from a lack of supplies and the overall economy ground to a halt. This included the army, where many of the men were nearing starvation by the end of the war. Interesting Facts About the Union Blockade
In February of 1861 many of the states in the southern part of the United States decided to form their own country. They called it the Confederate States of America. However, the northern states did not agree that these states had the right to leave. This started the Civil War.
South Carolina Secedes The first state to leave the United States was South Carolina on December 20, 1860. When a state leaves a country it's called seceding. This means they didn't want to be a part of the United States any more and wanted to make their own government. By February of 1861 a number of states had seceded including Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, Louisiana, and Texas. Later, North Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, and Arkansaswould join them. When the Southern states actually seceded and formed their own country, Abraham Lincoln and many others were shocked. They didn't think that the states would really leave. When President Lincoln became president he was determined to reunite all the states under one government. Map of the Confederation of the United States - Click to see larger view Why did the Southern States leave? There were a number of reasons why the Southern States wanted to leave. A few of the major reasons were:
Jefferson Davis https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bFxxXKH8VbY The President of the Confederation was Jefferson Davis from Mississippi. The Confederation had its own set of laws called the Confederate Constitution. Military leaders for the Confederation Army included Robert E. Lee, Stonewall Jackson, and James Longstreet. The Confederation acted like an official government. They had their own money, their own capital city (it was first in Montgomery, Alabama and later in Richmond, Virginia), and they tried to form alliances with foreign countries like Britain and France. Britain and France did not recognize the Confederation as a country, however. Neither did any other foreign country. Not having allies hurt the Southern states in the end. POP QUIZ 1850 - The Missouri Compromise 1852 - Uncle Tom's Cabin 1854 - Bleeding Kansas "Jayhawkers", were guerrilla fighters who often clashed with pro-slavery groups from Missouriknown at the time as "Border Ruffians" Bushwhackers were generally part of the irregular military forces on both sides. While bushwhackers conducted a few well-organized raids in which they burned cities, most of the attacks involved ambushes of individuals or families in rural areas. INTERVIEW WITH WILLIAM QUANTRELL https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nWXnqHnXloc Stories of the Century - Quantrill and his Raiders, Watch classic western tv series https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s11LWBFVTTw November 6, 1860- Abraham Lincoln is elected sixteenth president of the United States, the first Republican president in the nation who represents a party that opposes the spread of slavery in the territories of the United States. December 20, 1860- South Carolina secedes from the Union. January 1861 - Six additional southern states secede from the Union. February 8-9, 1861 - The southern states that seceded create a government at Montgomery, Alabama, and the Confederate States of America are formed. February 18, 1861- Jefferson Davis is appointed the first President of the Confederate States of America at Montgomery, Alabama, a position he will hold until elections can be arranged. April 12, 1861- Southern forces fire upon Fort Sumter, South Carolina. The Civil War has formally begun. July 21, 1861- The Battle of Bull Run (or First Manassas), is fought near Manassas, Virginia. The Union Army under General Irwin McDowell initially succeeds in driving back Confederate forces under General Pierre Gustav Toutant Beauregard, but the arrival of troops under General Joseph E. Johnston initates a series of reverses that sends McDowell's army in a panicked retreat to the defenses of Washington. It is here that Thomas Jonathan Jackson, a professor at VMI, will receive everlasting fame as "Stonewall" Jackson. August 10, 1861- Battle of Wilson's Creek, Missouri.The Union Army under General Nathaniel Lyon, attack Confederate troops and state militia southwest of Springfield, Missouri, and after a disastrous day that included the death of Lyon, are thrown back. The Confederate victory emphasizes the strong southern presence west of the Mississippi River. March 7-8, 1862- Battle of Pea Ridge (Elkhorn Tavern), Arkansas. The Union victory loosened the Confederate hold on Missouri and disrupted southern control of a portion of the Mississippi River. March 9, 1862- The naval battle between the USS Monitor and the CSSVirginia (the old USS "Merrimack"), the first "ironclads", is fought in Hampton Roads, Virginia. April 6-7, 1862- The Battle of Shiloh (Pittsburg Landing), the first major battle in Tennessee. Confederate General Albert Sidney Johnston, a veteran of the Texas War of Independence and the War with Mexico considered to be one of the finest officers the South has, is killed on the first day of fighting. The Union victory further secures the career of Union General Ulysses S. Grant. April 24-25, 1862- A Union fleet of gunships under Admiral David Farragut passes Confederate forts guarding the mouth of the Mississippi River. On April 25, the fleet arrived at New Orleans where they demanded the surrender of the city. Within two days the forts fall into Union hands and the mouth of the great river is under Union control. May 31-June 1, 1862- The Battle of Seven Pines near Richmond, Virginia.General Joseph Johnston, commander of the Confederate army in Virginia is wounded and replaced by Robert E. Lee who renames his command the "Army of Northern Virginia". August 30-31, 1862- The Battle of Second Bull Run (or Second Manassas)is fought on the same ground where one year before, the Union army was defeated and sent reeling in retreat to Washington. Likewise, the result of this battle is a Union defeat. September 17, 1862- The Battle of Antietam (or Sharpsburg), Maryland, the bloodiest single day of the Civil War. The result of the battle ends General Lee's first invasion of the North. Following the Union victory, President Lincoln will introduce the Emancipation Proclamation, an executive order that freed every slave in the Confederate States. December 13, 1862- The Battle of Fredericksburg, Virginia. The Army of the Potomac, under General Ambrose Burnside, is soundly defeated by Lee's forces after a risky river crossing and sacking of the city. January 1, 1863- The Emancipation Proclamation goes into effect. Applauded by many abolitionists including Frederick Douglass, there are others who feel it does not go far enough to totally abolish slavery. March 3, 1863- Conscription, or the drafting of soldiers into military service, begins in the North. It had begun in the South the year before. May 1-4, 1863- The Battle of Chancellorsville, Virginia. General Lee's greatest victory is marred by the mortal wounding of "Stonewall" Jackson, who dies on May 10. Soon after, Lee asks Jefferson Davis for permission to invade the North and take the war out of Virginia. May 18, 1863- Siege of Vicksburg, Mississippi begins. Union forces under General Ulysses S. Grant attack Confederate defenses outside the city on May 19-22. If Vicksburg falls, the Mississippi River will be completely controlled by the Union. June 9, 1863- The Battle of Brandy Station, Virginia. Union cavalry forces cross the Rapidan River to attack General J.E.B. Stuart's cavalry and discover that Lee's men are moving west toward the Shenandoah Valley. The largest cavalry battle of the Civil War, it also marks the beginning of the Gettysburg Campaign. Meanwhile, the Union assault on Vicksburg, Mississippi has become a siege of the city where soldiers and civilians alike suffer from constant bombardment. June 28, 1863- The Gettysburg Campaign continues. Confederates pass through York and reach the bridge over the Susquehanna River at Columbia, but Union militia set fire to the bridge, denying access to the east shore. Southern cavalry skirmishes with Union militia near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. July 1-3- The Battle of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. The bloodiest battle of the Civil War dashes Robert E. Lee's hopes for a successful invasion of the North. July 4- Vicksburg, Mississippi, surrenders to the Union Army under Grant. The capture of Vicksburg gives the Union complete control of the Mississippi River, a vital supply line for the Confederate states in the west. At Gettysburg, Lee begins his retreat to Virginia. July 10-11, 1863- Union naval and land forces attack Confederate defenses near Charleston, South Carolina. Among the Union troops is the 54thMassachusetts Colored Infantry, the first African American regiment of volunteers to see combat. July 13, 1863- Draft Riots begin in New York City and elsewhere as disgruntled workers and laborers, seething over the draft system that seemingly favors the rich, attack the draft office and African American churches. The riots continue through July 16. February 27, 1864- In Georgia, Camp Sumter Prison Camp opens. Universally referred to as Andersonville Prison Camp, it will become notorious for overcrowded conditions and a high death rate among its inmates. February 17, 1864- First Successful Submarine Attack of the Civil War. The CSS H.L. Hunley, a seven-man submergible craft, attacked the USSHoustonic outside of Charleston, South Carolina. Struck by the submarine's torpedo, the Housatonic broke apart and sank, taking all but five of her crew with her. Likewise, the Hunley was also lost and never heard from again until discovered in 1995 at the spot where it sank after the attack. May 4-5, 1864- Battle of the Wilderness, Virginia, the opening battle of the "Overland Campaign" or "Wilderness Campaign". General Ulysses S. Grant, accompanying the Army of the Potomac under General Meade, issued orders for the campaign to begin on May 3. Lee responded by attacking the Union column in the dense woods and underbrush of an area known as the Wilderness, west of Fredericksburg, Virginia. The Gettysburg Address April 9, 1865- Battle of Appomattox Court House and Surrender, Appomattox Court House, Virginia. After an early morning attempt to break through Union forces blocking the route west to Danville, Virginia, Lee seeks an audience with General Grant to discuss terms. That afternoon in the parlor of Wilmer McLean, Lee signs the document of surrender. On April 12, the Army of Northern Virginia formerly surrenders and is disbanded. April 14, 1865- President Abraham Lincoln is assassinated by actor John Wilkes Booth at Ford's Theater in Washington, DC. On the same day, Fort Sumter, South Carolina is re-occupied by Union troops. April 26, 1865- General Joseph Johnston signs the surrender document for the Confederate Army of the Tennessee and miscellaneous southern troops attached to his command at Bennett's Place near Durham, North Carolina. May 4, 1865- General Richard Taylor surrenders Confederate forces in the Department of Alabama, Mississippi and East Louisiana. May 10, 1865- Confederate President Jefferson Davis is captured near Irwinville, Georgia. May 12, 1865- The final battle of the Civil War takes place at Palmito Ranch, Texas. It is a Confederate victory. Lincoln Assassinated Reconstruction Carpet Baggers
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